Introduction Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious chorioretinitis worldwide. It is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoan, and can occur due to congenital infection or reactivation of a latent infection. It is a major cause of vision loss if left untreated. Etiology Caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection. Congenital transmission: Occurs when […]
Introduction Dacryocystitis is an infection or inflammation of the lacrimal sac due to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct, leading to painful swelling near the inner corner of the eye. It can be acute or chronic and requires appropriate management to prevent complications such as orbital cellulitis. Etiology Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is the primary […]
Definition A prospective cohort study is an observational study in which a group of individuals (cohort) is followed over time to assess the relationship between exposures (e.g., smoking, diet, medications) and outcomes (e.g., disease development or survival). Researchers define the study population at the start, measure exposure status, and observe outcomes as they occur in […]
Introduction: Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) (acoustic neuromas) are nerve sheath tumors of the superior and inferior vestibular nerves (cranial nerve VIII). They arise in the medial internal auditory canal (IAC) or lateral cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and cause clinical symptoms by displacing, distorting, or compressing adjacent structures in the IAC and the CPA. Epidemiology: Vestibular schwannomas are […]
Overview Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) occurs when an HBV-infected mother passes the virus to her baby during childbirth. This is the most common mode of transmission in high-prevalence regions. Without intervention: Up to 90% of infants born to mothers with active HBV infection will become infected, with most developing chronic HBV. Key […]
Introduction: Duodenal atresia is a congenital condition in which the lumen of the duodenum is completely obstructed, preventing the passage of stomach contents into the intestines. It is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in neonates. Etiology: Often seen in conjunction with other congenital anomalies, such as cardiac defects, malrotation, or annular […]
Introduction: Galactosemia is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that affects the body’s ability to process galactose, a type of sugar found in milk.If left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems, including liver damage, brain damage, and even death. Etiology: Galactosemia is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme called galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT). […]
Introduction Definition: Postpartum hypopituitarism caused by ischemic necrosis of the anterior pituitary gland following severe postpartum hemorrhage or hypovolemic shock. Result: Varying degrees of pituitary hormone deficiencies. Pathophysiology Pregnancy Adaptations: During pregnancy, the anterior pituitary undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia to meet increased hormone demands, making it highly vascular and susceptible to ischemia. Trigger: Severe postpartum […]
Introduction: Hypertension in pregnancy is when a pregnant person’s blood pressure is 140/90 or higher on two separate occasions. Etiology: Essential hypertension; renovascular hypertension; aortic coarctation; diabetes mellitus; hyperthyroidism; pheochromocytoma; primary hyperaldosteronism; hyperparathyroidism; Cushing’s syndrome; diabetic nephropathy; chronic renal failure; acute renal failure; tubular necrosis; cortical necrosis; pyelonephritis; chronic glomerulonephritis; nephrotic syndrome; polycystic kidney; systemic […]
Introduction: HELLP syndrome is a severe and life-threatening complication of pregnancy, typically considered a variant of preeclampsia. It is characterized by Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets. This syndrome usually occurs in the third trimester but can also develop postpartum. Components of HELLP Syndrome 1.Hemolysis: Breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), evident by abnormal […]
